James Shoal Dispute - Malaysia denies China's presence

KUALA LUMPUR (REUTERS) - Malaysia's navy chief has denied a report that three Chinese navy ships patrolled an area claimed by the South-east Asian country, saying the Chinese exercise took place hundreds of miles to the north in international waters.

Chinese state news agency Xinhua reported that an amphibious landing craft and two destroyers patrolled the James Shoal on Sunday, 80 km off the coast of Malaysia's Sarawak state, and held a ceremony in which they swore to safeguard Chinese sovereignty.

The reported activity at the southernmost tip of Beijing's sweeping claims over the South China Sea appeared to be the latest sign of its territorial assertiveness that has boosted tensions with claimants such as the Philippines and Vietnam.

Royal Malaysian Navy chief Abdul Aziz Jaafar, in comments published by the New Straits Times on Wednesday, said the Chinese exercise, involving its newly commissioned aircraft carrier and a submarine, took place 1,000 nautical miles away from Malaysia's 200 nautical mile economic exlusion zone.

A Googlemap shot of James Shoal's location

Gripen Heads to Brazil - Who's Next?

Brazil's sudden decision a month ago to pick the Saab Gripen ahead of American and French contenders is the first arrangement of its size that has been carried out without accounting superpowers or United Nations Security Council. 

The arrangement has expanded the much awaited access for South African defence and other defence industry players, especially among BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). 

With the Gripen in Brazil, the entire BRICS pact has become additionally exciting.

A US defence investigator says, despite the fact that the NSA outrage — the US' eavesdropping on Brazil's president Dilma Rousseff — proved to be useful as a "method of reasoning for criticising the US" and encouraged the selection of the Gripen rather than the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, it was not the primary driver. 

It is said that the behavioural change was that Brazil settled on a sensible decision and at last ran with what the Brazilian armed forces had said for a considerable length of time it needed and required: the Gripen, the cheapest option.

The latest addition into Gripen’s potential buyer is Indonesia and there is even talk that India is eyeing onto the Gripen, due to negotiation halt on the purchase of Dassault Rafale.

French based Dassault was said as not wanting to bear any responsibility for locally assembled Rafale, amounting to 108 out of the total possible orders, 126. The situation has given some space for BRICS to play its role in placing Saab’s Sea Gripen as a stronger contender for both Brazil and India, according to a source.

Analysts are optimistic that the Brazil-Gripen purchase will be Sweden’s largest export contract so far. Therefore, observing the situation in a larger picture, it can be said that superpowers are no longer able to influence international arms deal and BRICS, despite news on its downfall, is gaining powers and influence, possibly affecting global defence course in the next years to come.

Naval Surveillance Radar – See the Unseen

Asia military powers have in the last 50 years developed rapidly in term of economy hence permitting them to boost in military expenditures. The protection of territorial waters has required every country to acquire a certain number of naval assets, performing as littoral guardians, resisting incoming threats and at the same time protecting the country’s sovereignty. Naval ships, executing operations in the endless, unpredictable waters, are prone to assaults by various means be it from the air, surface or the hardly detectable underwater threats. Low speed, low manoeuvrability prohibits these naval ships from evading attacks by sources of higher speed and greater capability. It was during the Battle of Britain, when the British became the first force to initiate the wide spread use of the radar, after a thorough study and development process, to detect approaching German aircraft. Coined from the term Radio Detection And Ranging, radar technology was developed many years before and during the World War II. The induction of radars marked the point in history where humans started to rely on technology to enhance their sensory power. Radar, at its best has become the eye to see and the nose to smell, detecting presence of enemies within its range. This, to a greater extent has allowed naval ships to execute operations, be it during the dark, gloomy night or the less permissible dreadful weather. Radars, having been through rapid development since its introduction, has played an important role in defence against multiple threats thus lifting it to a status feared by enemies. Naval powers today rely almost fully on radar detection efficiency, which resulted in limitation of the possibility of errors normally made by human operators. ASPAC Defence - Defense aims at products offered by a few manufacturers of the most modern, latest-generation naval surveillance radars.

Artisan 3D

BAE Systems has initiated the Artisan 3D radar programme, as an integration package for the Royal Navy. Operational onboard the Royal Navy Type 23 frigates, the Advanced Radar Target Indication Situational Awareness and Navigation or known as Artisan 3D has become a superior surveillance radar, capable of imaging objects as small as a bird travelling three times greater than the speed of sound. The radar was designed with a compact and light configuration, contributing to the fact that the radar system weighs only approximately 700kg, allowing installation crew to mount the system within a three-week duration. According to BAE Systems, despite the fact that the radar is small in size, it has the capability to operate through very high signal traffic, as high as 10,000 conflicting phone signals.

Designed to operate on the E or F band frequency, with an outstanding maximum detection range of 200km, the Artisan 3D is capable to efficiently detect fast inshore attack craft, small aircraft as well as panoply of surface and air threats.

Functioning on its primary sensor role with 3D tracking capacity, the Artisan 3D is capable to detect more than 800 targets simultaneously, providing a critical, tactical situational awareness for operator’s safety evaluation and defence mechanism. This generally pictures the radar’s ability to perform in littoral environments, the place where war is more likely to take place and problems most likely to surface. Designed as a software centric system, Artisan 3D helps to boost upgrades capability thus eliminating any necessary costly hardware change. The system’s absolute accuracy and anti-jamming capability, according to the Royal Navy has brought the £100 million procurement into the next stage with proposals of retrofitting the system onto the Royal Navy Type 26 frigates.

RAN-30X/I

For years, Selex has become one of the leading manufacturers of technologies for defence systems, producing panoply of products developed to fulfil security needs of many armed forces. The stages of designing, developing as well as production of defence equipments were done with information superiority in mind. Two of Selex’s most successful surveillance radar systems are the RAN-30X/I along with the KRONOS 3D radar system.

Designed to compete in the “surveillance radar” category, the RAN-30X/I has climbed the vertical ladder to place itself among the most accomplished radar system available in the market. Selex has designed the radar with new a structural configuration, allowing for higher operational flexibility and adaptability to different platforms thus requiring minimal set-up time as well as operational cost.

The RAN-30X/I operates on four main roles. It was designed to perform multiple roles as a measure taken in fulfilling naval forces demand for multi-purpose radar. The roles are, Surface and Air Surveillance (mode 1) for small air and surface target detection, Anti-sea-skimmer detection (mode 2), Over the Horizon (OTH) detection (mode 3), and lastly the Helicopter control and navigation (mode 4).

Depending on the different operational mode, the radar, according to Selex has different instrumental range. In mode one at 15rpm, the radar has an efficiency range of 100km, followed by mode two at 30rpm with 40km efficient range. The third mode, with a gradual rotation of 3rpm, the radar scans for threats within a dazzling 200km range and lastly in mode 4, with 30rpm the radar has a range of 25km.

Currently operational onboard the Italian Navy’s “Cigala Fulgosi” OPV Class vessel, the radar is also currently operating on board Thailand’s Pattani class OPV which had successfully conducted an anti-piracy operation in the Gulf of Eden. This achievement, at one stage has marked the radar capability in supporting high-risk and high-stake high sea operations.

KRONOS 3D

Selex also, through its experience in the development of advanced multi-function radar systems has come up with the KRONOS 3D, a C-Band multi-role radar system with full solid-state active phased array antenna. Selex announced that the radar system has a high detection capability within 180km, its maximum efficient range, in order to support and provide ample time for the ship crew to initiate necessary procedure in case of any incoming threat. The KRONOS 3D radar is available in two configurations, the LND (land based) and the NV (shipborne) versions. Currently operational with the UAE and Peruvian Aguirre class frigates, the KRONOS 3D was developed to stand out as a medium-range radar, with the capability to encounter new generation threats in different environments such as the Electronic Counter Measure (ECM), severe clutter environment in blue water operations as well as rigorous littoral settings in brown water environments. As a measure of Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM), certain features were integrated into the radar system so that the radar is capable to operate within a ruthless ECM environments, minimising the possibility of a defunct radar and detection system.

In 2011, the government of Thailand heralded the procurement initiatives, as a modernisation effort, awarding Selex the contract of supplying a number of KRONOS 3D radar system for its Navy and Air Force. Currently operational with the Royal Navy Air and Coastal Defence Command, the radar system operates through the integration within the air surveillance network of the Royal Thai Navy. Additionally, with more than 20 KRONOS 3D radar system sold worldwide, it is unmistakable that the system possesses its own unique quality, from outstanding sensory capabilities to user-friendly software configuration as well as simplicity of its maintainability.

MRR-3D NG

Thales MRR-3D NG and the SMART-S Mk2 radar systems are currently operational onboard various naval vessels. The MRR-3D NG radar system was introduced by Thales as an effort to set a benchmark for the surveillance radar category. Thales, through its development plan, came up with the MRR-3D NG long range air and surface surveillance radar, retrofitted with multiple capabilities such as tracking and self defence, target evaluation, weapon allocation feature, target classification support, weapon control as well as advanced ECCM features. This radar was developed to operate with top naval powers, fulfilling their demand for the latest, most modern high performance sensory equipments.

Frech Mistral-class Amphibious Assault Vessel, BPC Dixmude (L9015)

As conferred by Thales, the radar operates on G-band frequency with a maximum-instrumented range of 180km. Moreover, the radar has a unique capability that allows it to exploit the duct effect, without compromising data accuracy, therefore providing the radar operators with an advantage of detecting threats and targets beyond its normal range. Weighing less than 500kg, the radar system offers a considerably light package thus making it an ideal choice for small surface combatants while at the same time suits bigger vessels’ operation requirements.

In an event of missile attack, the MRR-3D NG radar projects a dedicated multi-beam pattern in order to provide sufficient data thus minimising the time consumption for target acquisition, providing more time for anti-air weapon system to operate effectively. The radar, proven its capability by Thales, is currently operational onboard various naval ships such as the Norwegian Skjold class fast patrol boat, South African Valour class frigates as well as the renowned French Mistral class amphibious assault vessels.

SMART-S Mk2

The success of the SMART-S Mk2 radar by Thales is marked by the number of procurement awarded throughout the years, basically strengthened by its exceptional features longed by various naval powers all across the globe. While fulfilling the basic attributes of surveillance radar, Thales has, through their development programme enhanced the sensory power of the SMART-S Mk2. One major factor of the radar’s success is the trouble-free utilisation and maintenance throughout its operation life.

Introduced in 2003, the SMART-S Mk2 was principally intended to replace the older generation air-search and target designation radars that back then operates onboard various frigate class vessels. Meant for integration with frigate class weapon system, the radar is programmed to perform in littoral waters, able to conform its operational capability to land clutter and moving coastal objects, which usually resemble alarming threats such as low-flying aircraft and missiles. This in a way helps to reduce errors normally produced on the radar interface, minimising the possibility of command error during any operation.

The radar, developed by Thales Nederland is currently active onboard various navy vessels such as the Karel Doorman class frigates of the Royal Netherlands Navy, Royal Danish Absalon class support vessels, Indonesian and Moroccan Navy Sigma class corvette and the Khareef class corvette of the Royal Navy of Oman.

SEA GIRAFFE AMB

Saab, through its radar programme has successfully delivered the SEA GIRAFFE AMB radar, a product designed to suit small combatants such as corvettes and frigates. The radar has been proven effective during various operations within maritime harsh environments. It was successfully awarded the primary role as surveillance radar onboard USS Independence (LCS-2) in its LCS programme, still running today. The radar, through extensive study at initial stage has been chosen thanks to its unmistakable performance and reliable features. The SEA GIRAFFE AMB, according to an official, fulfilled the programme’s desired cost and performed way beyond the expected requirements.

AMB, which stands for agile multi-beam, consists of twelve stacked receiver beams, in support of covering a great volume of altitude. This, in a way helps the radar system to identify targets up to 65,000 feet of altitude with very accurate data provided by the stacked receiver beams. This feature, in a bigger picture provides commanding officer more reaction time against air and surface threats. The radar also has the capability of 70° elevation thus enabling it to efficiently sensors air targets. Air and surface surveillance, tracking and target identification is done simultaneously, eliminating the need of time-consuming manual operation.

In a general perspective, the radar is capable of detecting multiple threats from multiple directions, including fast moving surface-skimming missiles. The radar is able to automatically detect 200 air targets, 400 surface targets as well as 50 jammer emitters in a single time, backed by the optimisation of hard-to-see detection feature designed to perform in severely cluttered environment. In this modern warfare of stealth-ness, Saab has designed the radar to be configured with stealth radome, in order to minimise radar cross-section (RCS) and infrared signature. Having exceeded major expectations of various naval forces, it is unquestionable why SEA GIRAFFE AMB has become the choice worldwide. Other than the USS Independence, the radar is currently serving onboard various vessels such as the Australian and New Zaealand Anzac class frigates, the Canadian Halifax class frigates, Lekiu class frigates of Malaysia as well as the Baynunah class missile corvettes of the UAE.

TRS-3D

The TRS-3D is a standard naval multi-mode surface and air surveillance and target acquisition radar from CASSIDIAN. Designed for the demanding littoral settings, the C-band radar provides excellent performance over land and water, minimising clutter interference in order to more effectively and simultaneously detects various surface and air targets.

The TRS-3D is suitable for installation as the main radar on corvettes, FACs, OPVs while on frigates and larger ships, as main self-defence radar. Supported by its highly flexible design, the TRS-3D radar integrates a variety of shipboard systems and C4ISR suites, enabling it to perform multiple roles including surveillance, weapon fire control and helicopter detection and guidance. Due to the latest signal processing technologies, the TRS-3D is particularly suited for the early detection of small, fast moving objects, such as speedboats and sea-skimmer missiles.

USS Freedom during a visit to Singapore in 2013

EADS North America has received a contract from Lockheed Martin to supply its TRS-3D radar for the US Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship programme, which is currently undergoing operations in the South-East Asia. As part of a recent Department of Defense award, Lockheed Martin will construct up to 10 Littoral Combat Ships through 2015. USS Freedom completed its maiden deployment in 2010, which included the successful interception of drug vessels in the Caribbean. In addition to the US Navy’s fleet, EADS North America also is providing the TRS-3D radar to the US Coast Guard for its fleet of National Security Cutters, of which three are in operation and two more are in the process of integration.

The radar system is also installed onboard Kedah class OPVs, Bremen class frigates, Braunschweig class corvettes, Nordkapp class OPVs, Svalbard class artic OPV, Flyvefisken class patrol vessels (in combat role), Hamina class missile boats, Ambassador MK III class missile boats as well as the new Finnish Border Guard's new OPV.

SCANTER

L'Adroit OPV

As a Danish defence and aerospace manufacturer, Terma has made it presence felt in the defence industry with numbers of procurement initiatives heralded by many top names. They have introduced the Scanter radar system, which was retrofitted onboard the L’Adroit OPV of the French Navy. The radar was specifically designed with small target detection capability, as a measure against littoral threats such as drug trafficking, smuggling, piracy and terrorism. Designed as an affordable package, the system is capable to prevent major problems normally faced by commercial radars. Performing as a versatile and modular based system, the radar is able to fulfil various needs by its operators. All features are tailored to meet customers’ demands, which in a way proves its flexibility. These features, in a bigger picture portrays that the radar system was given full attention throughout its development process, focusing on littoral environment utilisation. Compared with systems with higher transmitter power, the SCANTER radar system definitely provides more advantages to its operators. By producing lower transmitter output, this in a way assists operators to avoid any jamming attempt by threats around it, preventing a defunct radar system, which is able to expose the ship to greater danger.

Simulators to Replace Lost Flying Hours

Current economy downturn and the recent US government shut down have resulted in budget cuts by the government, resulting in severe squeeze of funding for the armed forces to sustain its operations all over the world. The US Air Force for example, has to absorb the impact by reducing 10% of its operational fleet size thus resulting in the possibility of pilots’ skill-lost and to overcome this issue; they have beefed up its frequency of simulator training for pilots. The US Department of Defense is exploring the increased use of flight-simulation technology to cut back on fuel costs and minimise the wear and tear on its aircraft fleet.

Latest technology sees flight simulators as having higher fidelity, not only capable of replicating procedural training, but also for weapons employment. Latest flight simulators are often developed on the same software platform as the actual aircraft. Everything found in the simulator is supposed to match the real aircraft. While visual presentation has been a major limitation for flight simulators, the integration of newer hardware and software has enabled simulator pilots to identify different targets, different classes of armoured vehicle for example.

However, even the latest simulator does not move, and not capable to imitate certain factors with 100% accuracy. Simulators lack in the physiological effects on human body and therefore, pilots are unable to undergo certain aspects of training including g-loading and physical exhaustion due to long hours of flight. It is impossible to allow pilots to experience the sound, smell and fear of flying or even fear of death in a simulator.

Keeping Pilots Airborne

Though simulators are not able to duplicate certain aspects of flying, they are still very effective for tactical training. In a small unit, pilots are allowed to rehearse some maneuvers in tactical scenarios before flying in a real situation. One example is the use of night vision goggles and Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing Systems (JHMCSs), which enables digital debriefing for pilots.

The system offers a three-dimensional display and a full reproduction of all four cockpits and their displays. The US Navy adapts this system with the requirement to link all their units from all over the world in a scheme called fleet synthetic training. The system adapted by the US Navy links not only aircraft, but also their warships such as the Ticonderoga-class and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The adaptation resulted in the introduction of simulated exercise call Virtual Flag.

In September last year, 125 participants from the US, UK, Canada and Australia worked together during the Coalition Virtual Flag 13-4 held through September 11 to September 19. The annual virtual exercise’s objective is to train US soldiers and allied partners to execute operations including finding, fixing, targeting, engaging and assessing on a geographically modified battlefield.

Coalition Virtual Flag is an exercise held annually, led by the 705th Combat Training Squadron. The unit, known as the Distributed Mission Operations Center (DMOC), provides the link to the Air Force that enables usage of virtual simulators to connect participants in a simulated conflict. With the use of simulators, the exercise has become one of the most financially effective efforts, omitting the necessity to move aircraft and manpower to a single location.

Joint Logistic Support Ship – The Strongest Link In The Supply Chain

This article was written in September last year. The ship has since undergone a few significant events. It first controversially went on sale due to budget cut by the Dutch MvD and the Canadian government has shown interest to purchase the newly built ship. However, in October last year, the Dutch MvD has reversed the planned cut after receiving EUR 115million funding. To overcome budgetary issue, HNLMS Karel Doorman will operate with reduced crew size. 

UNREP, a term coined from Underway Replenishment has constantly become one of the most critical element in the endurance of any naval operation. The growing trend for naval fleets to operate far from home waters is making UNREP more necessary than ever. International operations, such as the Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) in the Gulf of Aden requires the presence of UNREP ships so that combatant ships can remain on station for extended periods. The history of at-sea-replenishment has highlighted the importance of having excellent multi-role UNREP support. Although the single-role concept was proven very successful, they are now becoming more and more obsolete thus many naval forces today eliminated the single-role concept for food, fuel and ordnance supplies. Budget restrictions, as well as the requirement of smaller fleets with superior capabilities has consequently resulted in the retirement of these worn out logistic ships hence the introduction of the new, multi-role, Joint Logistic Support Ship (JSS).

Genesis of the JSS

The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the first to initiate the concept of JSS in 2004 when they announced the contract for the construction of two vessels under the JSS category. Under the contract, the RCN would have expected one ship to be fully operational by 2012. However, in August 2008, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services announced the termination of the procurement contract of the highly anticipated JSS. The whole progress was put to a halt pending July 2010 when the Defence Minister of Canada announced the purchase of two JSS, with a value estimated at USD2.8 billion.

In December 2009, while the Canadian procurement contract was at a standstill, the Netherland’s Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) and Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding (DSNS) heralded a contract for the supply of a JSS. The ship, named Karel Doorman, was initiated as the replacement ship for the HNLMS Zuiderkruis, a Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) logistic ship, which has been operational for the past 34 years. The ship is fundamentally designed as a multi-role platform to enhance the RNLN’s logistic strength, to function as a multiple platform, from maritime support, strategic sealift to sea-basing mission in blue and brown water environments.

According to DSNS, construction of the ship’s main structure largely takes place at Damen Shipyard in Galati, Romania. The ship’s keel was laid down in June 2011 by RAdm K. Visser and while this article is written, JSS Karel Doorman has completed its three-week journey from Romania to DSNS in Vlissingen, Holland for completion including systems outfitting, commissioning and testing. The JSS is due to be rolled out in July 2014.

Stronger Logistic Muscles

The JSS is a multi-role logistic ship, measuring 205 metres long and 30 metres wide. The Royal Netherlands Navy’s 28,000 tonnes JSS Karel Doorman is designed to accommodate at least 300 personnel, consisting of 150 crewmembers and 150 non-listed members that include helicopter crew and medical teams. The huge build-up contributes to JSS Karel Doorman’s ability to accommodate multiple extensive facilities including a bigger hangar, a bigger helicopter deck and also a more comprehensive hospital facility.

In the hospital configuration, the ship allows for more complex hospital operation, capable of providing diagnosis, treatment as well as holding of patients needing and receiving total treatment. In disaster relief mode, the ship is furthermore able to accommodate a large number of evacuees, fully utilising the hospital space. This, in a whole, provides the ship with greater reaction time in an event of a disaster.

Meanwhile, to achieve superiority in the logistic category, the ship is equipped with a deck area measuring 2000 lane meters, providing enhanced room for cargo roll on-roll off (RORO). Fully loaded, the ship is able to carry as much as 8000m3 of fuel, 1000m3 of helicopter fuel, 450m3 of potable water as well as 400 tonnes of ammunition. In addition to that, for loading and unloading purposes, the ship is equipped with two Replenishment-At-Sea masts, an elevator and a crane capable of handling 40 tonnes of loads. This ship too, is equipped with a RORO facility and a steel beach stern for easier transport of landing craft.

Aft of the ship is a helicopter deck, easily recognisable by the open wide space, large enough to enable two helicopters as big as a Chinook to operate simultaneously. For helicopter storing purposes, JSS Karel Doorman is built with a very large hangar that can house as many as six NH-90 helicopters with folded blades or two Chinooks, both with full-extended blades.

Thales I-Mast Goes Seaborne

On March 2010, DMO and Thales Nederland have signed a contract for the construction, delivery and installation of the I-Mast on the JSS. The DMO has opted for the I-Mast 400, a system similar to the one installed on RNLN’s four Holland-class Patrol Ships.

JSS Karel Doorman, is currently undergoing tests using a Thales I-Mast system that is reportedly borrowed from the RNLN’s new Holland-class OPV. Delivery and installation of the I-Mast on board JSS Karel Doorman is set to take place January 2014.

Thales I-Mast 400

The I-Mast system offered by Thales is an all-in-one mast concept, a structure built meticulously to house various sensory equipments including radar, optical-electronics, communication devices, antennas, cabinets as well as many other peripherals. The introduction of the one mast concept minimises the need of more costly and complex power supplies, structure adaptations, electrical interfaces as well as cabling and cooling systems.

The whole system consists of a Seamaster 400 SMILE air warning radar, a non-rotating phased-array S-band radar with four faces that is derived from the SMART and APAR radar systems, Seawatcher 100 active phased-array surface detection and tracking radar, a non-rotating active phased-array I-band radar for naval surface surveillance and the Gatekeeper infra-red/electro-optical warning system, a 360° panoramic electro-optical surveillance and alerter system based on IR/TV technology.

Integration of Advanced Firepower

The fact that the JSS is merely a logistic ship does not prevent the RNLN to boost its firepower. Focusing on defensive equipment rather than offensive, JSS Karel Doorman is armed with considerably heavy countermeasures against inbound threats. To begin with, the JSS is armed with a pair of Thales Nederland’s 30mm Goalkeeper 7-barrel gatling gun systems along with Missile Piercing Discarding Sabot (MPDS) ammunition. The system, which is built with dedicated search and track radar, is meant to provide the much-needed resistance against surface threats. Operating on I-band, the system is able to detect targets in all weather conditions, and furthermore backed by the I/K-band track radar for a continuous track-while-scan mode to engage multiple threats at the same time.

Next in the defence line are two Oto Melara’s Marlin WS 30mm naval guns. Adding to the two previous guns, four Oto Melara’s Hitrole NT systems are going to be installed. These 12.7mm small calibre machine guns can be remotely operated and normally assigned within a ship’s secondary defence line. Operating through optronic sensors, the system can also be connected to the ship’s Combat Management System.

Oto Melara's Hitrole NT

JSS Karel Doorman is also set to carry four Super Rapid Blooming Off-board Chaff (SRBOC) systems. The SRBOC stand as the ship’s only soft-kill protection system, generating decoy patterns and providing full screening for the ship.

The JSS Karel Doorman features comprehensive ASuW suites, including self-defence mechanism against seaborne threats including missiles, combat aircraft and helicopters. Its defence features have way surpassed its predecessor, the HNLMS Zuiderkruis, which during its service life was only armed with a single Goalkeeper system and two manned 12.7mm gun stations.

Propelling Forward: The Propulsion System

Rolls Royce will supply five Bergen diesel generators, comprising of four 5.5MW and one 2.8MW generator, which totals up to 24MW. DSNS too has awarded a procurement contract to Converteam, or later known as GE’s Power Conversion for the supply of two main electric motors. In the contract, Power Conversion will also supply the ship’s thrusters electric systems and an Energy Management System.

Looking at the main propulsion system, the RNLN has decided to use the conventional configuration of rudder and fixed pitch propeller. Powered by two 9MW electric motors, JSS Karel Doorman is capable of cruising at a maximum speed of 18 knot. For easier manoeuvring in limited space, the ship is equipped with two 1.25MW thrusters at the bow and a single 0.75MW thruster at the stern. These thrusters act as the ship’s auxiliary propulsion system, enabling it to move port and starboard thus providing a logistic solution for the ship’s operation.

Economic Challenges Ahead

Soon to be commissioned as a frontline logistic platform, the JSS is anticipated as the RNLN’s logistic delivery capability of the future. While combatant ships are receiving more complex and advanced technological suites, logistic ships such as JSS Karel Doorman albeit less complex, are built with immense capability. Being a part of future naval system, naval ships generally or specifically the JSS Karel Doorman is expected to perform way beyond its original capability.

Therefore, the RNLN is taking one step ahead of its potential opponents with the integration of advanced technologies in all aspects including logistic, self-defence and communication and sensory systems. Since this has cost the government a lot of money, the expectation of this super-expensive naval asset is high in the air. Global recession as well as many other economic contributing factors has occasionally put pressure on both the public and private sectors. While the public sector is facing budget constraints, the private sector, the contractors to be specific, are facing challenges in gadgetry development as well as time constriction aspect.

With navies tendency to deploy ships far from home waters for international operations such as the CTF-150, one should expect to get the most out of this expensive sea-going ship hence operational ability and capability remains the main issue. The RNLN, eagerly expecting the JSS Karel Doorman, is anticipating challenges in the future, especially in current economic setting in order to maintain the equilibrium of cost efficiency and operational capability.

 A Look At The Not-So-Distant Future

Marked by the arrival of JSS Karel Doorman in her homeland in Vlissingen, the Netherlands, the RNLN is expecting some momentous events in the future. It will begin with the integration of the I-Mast 400 by Thales Nederland, which is going to take place somewhere in January next year.

On May 2014, JSS Karel Doorman is set to undergo the first phase of its sea trial and the handover ceremony between DSNS and DMO later in July next year. Right after the handover ceremony, a number of tests will be conducted, as well as the commencement of refinement period for the ship and her crew.

The commission of JSS Karel Doorman, as planned, is due mid 2015 and it is to enter service and revive the duty of its predecessors, HNLMS Zuiderkruis, decommissioned 2012 and the HNLMS Amsterdam, which will be decommissioned in 2014 respectively. On the day of its inauguration, the JSS will officially bear the name, HNLMS Karel Doorman and A883 pennant number as a mark of its role as the RNLN’s primary auxiliary ship. 

2014 Defence Show Calendar (Jan-July)

February 11-16

Singapore Airshow 2014

Changi Exhibition Centre

http://www.singaporeairshow.com/

March 25-27

DIMDEX 2014

Doha Exhibition Center

http://www.dimdex.com/

April 14-17

DSA 2014

Putra World Trade Centre, KL, Malaysia

http://www.dsaexhibition.com/

June 16-20

Eurosatory 2014

Paris-Nord Villepinte Exhibition Centre

http://www.eurosatory.com/

July 14-20

Farnborough International Airshow 2014

Farnborough, UK

http://www.farnborough.com/

July 16-18

ADAS 2014

World Trade Centre, Manila, Philippines

http://www.adas.ph/

Utility Trucks - Delivering The Extra Mile

Cargo haulage has throughout the years relied very much on the hardy utility truck. Despite the fact that they are mainly designed for commercial cargo transport, these trucks too have been developed with soldiers’ transportation in mind, resulting in inter-changeable configurations that allow these workhorses to execute multiple duties while at the same time ensuring armed forces’ sustainability in hostile settings.Capable of hauling supplies for hundreds of kilometres, these trucks also have the ability to endure journeys in impermissible environments. In order to operate in risky conditions, all manufacturers have provided these trucks with sufficient measures such as reinforced armoury and gunnery for protection against exterior threats. These trucks are armoured not only to protect the supplies being delivered, but also the most valued asset of any armed forces - the soldiers themselves.

Through evolution and revolution, since the great battle of World War II till the days of Operation Freedom in Iraq, from the inhospitable Afghanistan desert to the jungles of the South East Asia, utility trucks have been a major element in the formation of dominant armed forces. ASPAC Defence delivers some outlook and updates on a number of military utility trucks currently active and in service all around the world.

Thales Bushmaster

The Australian Army has originally selected the Bushmaster by Thales Australia after a series of trials in 1998. The development programme was initiated as an effort to fulfil the requirements of the Bushranger, a Thales Australia flagship project that has been progressing since the last two decades. Throughout the period, Thales Australia has come up with multiple variants of their Bushmaster product, ranging from ambulance, troop carrier, IED interrogator, command post as well as for utility purposes.

The Bushmaster Utility Single Cab is a member of the 4x4 Bushmaster series offered by Thales Australia specifically meant for logistic purposes. Weighing 11.5 tonnes, the truck was designed for logistic operations in very hostile environments. It has a generously high payload, able to fit and transport up to 5.7 tonnes of supply thanks to the large cargo space provided.

The Utility Single Cab variant of the Bushmaster is equipped with the Cummins ISBe 300 diesel engine, producing 300hp and up to 1100Nm of torque, powerful enough for all-terrain operations. Additionally, the truck is fitted out with a fuel tank with a 300-litre capacity, providing enough fuel for a maximum range of 800km. In a situation where the truck is fully loaded, it can at its best, cruise at a maximum speed of 100km/h, allowing for a speedy supplies delivery during operations.

The Bushmaster series, having been operational for the past 15 years, has served effectively in various battles and operations, including in East Timor, Afghanistan as well as in Iraq. The Bushmaster is currently serving a number of armed forces, namely the Royal Australian Army, the Royal Netherlands Army as well as the Royal British Army.

Oshkosh MTVR Short Bed Cargo

Ohskosh Defense is an American manufacturer of wheeled tactical vehicles and through their 90 years of experience has come up with numerous products, which have been serving many armed forces, mainly the US Army. Oshkosh Defense has established the Medium Vehicle Tactical Replacement (MTVR) line, a series of 4x4 and 6x6 trucks under the MTVR category that consists of trucks built to perform different roles. These trucks include MK23 and MK25 Standard Cargo Truck, MK27 and MK28 Extended Cargo Truck, MK29 and MK30 Dump Truck, MK37 HIMARS Re-supply Vehicle, MK31 Tractor as well as a few other variants. In the logistic support category, Oshkosh has introduced the MTVR 4x4 Short Bed Cargo, a utility truck designed for all-terrain cargo transportation aimed to fulfil the demands of reliable workhorses by armed forces operations worldwide.

Caterpillar was awarded with engine supply procurement and they equipped the MTVR with the C9 diesel engine, generating 400hp and a maximum torque of 1206Nm. The truck, weighing approximately 9.8 tonnes, is able to cruise at up to 105km/h on normal roads. Oshkosh has provided the truck with a reasonably large cargo area, able to accommodate and transport supplies of up to 9.4 tonnes.

Presently operational with the US Marine Corps as well as the US Navy, MTVR Short Bed Cargo has proven its capability in various missions, thanks to the effective package offered by Oshkosh Defense. Powered by the Caterpillar C9 engine, plus a large 295-litre fuel capacity, the truck has a maximum range of 493 km, suitable for medium range tactical missions.

Mercedes Unimog U4000

The Unimog series from Mercedes Benz have been around since 1940s, designed and manufactured for commercial as well as military purposes. Easily noticeable by its high build up, the Unimog is a 4x4 multi-purpose utility truck with an advanced frame and suspension integration thus the high ground clearance. For military purposes, Mercedes has introduced the U4000 model, a 32-speed truck readily available to endeavour journeys, delivering supplies in almost any kind of environment.

Weighing four tonnes, at the heart of the truck is the 177hp OM904 diesel engine, producing 675Nm of torque and a maximum speed of 102km/h, which suits the truck’s light configuration. The truck is equipped with a fuel tank of 145-litre capacity, providing enough fuel supply for a journey of 760km.

Despite the fact that the Unimog U4000 is an all-terrain utility vehicle, the high build up configuration has resulted in the payload capacity limitation at only 4.5 tonnes. This limitation was set to ensure the vehicle capability to venture into very rough terrain normally avoided by other trucks. Therefore it is no surprise that these trucks can be found in jungles, deserts and mountains, performing diverse roles including fire fighting, scientific expedition as well as other critical military roles.

Renault Sherpa 5

Made available in 2004, the Sherpa 5 truck by Renault is currently active with various armed forces all over the world. Available in 4x4 and 6x6 configuration, Renault has retrofitted the truck with the MD-7 diesel powered engine, which is capable of producing 1050Nm of torque as well as 290hp. Compared to its competitors, the Sherpa 5 has a considerable high torque. This, according to Renault is to enable the truck to endeavour into harsh settings, which normally do not permit sufficient mobility.

Equipped with a 215-litre fuel tank, the truck can travel to a destination as far as 800km, with a maximum speed of 90km/h. With a weight approximately 7.3 tonnes, the truck has a payload of 6.7 tonnes, capable of delivering multiple types of supplies including armaments as well as soldiers. The truck too, was designed with inter-changeable configurations that allow it to perform multiple roles. Meanwhile, Renault has come up with crew protection measures including armoured doors, floor, roof and windscreen.

KIA KM250

The KM250 truck by KIA Motors is essentially an updated version of the famous US-made M35A2 truck. While retaining the classic American look of long bonnet, soft-topped cab and a large carrying area, KIA has integrated the truck with several modern features. Powered by the 180hp KK-7.4 diesel engine, the truck is capable of cruising at 95km/h with torque generation recorded to as much as 490Nm.

Weighing 6.1 tonnes, the truck, designed with 6x6 configuration, is equipped with a fuel tank, with a capacity of 200 litres of fuel. Though the KM250 is a relatively small scale in the logistic truck category, it is capable of transporting supplies weighing up to 4.5 tonnes on hard surface while for off-road transportation, the truck is able to transport 2.3 tonnes of supplies, delivering heavy loads including food supplies, armaments as well as fully equipped soldiers. In troop transport configuration, the truck can carry as many as 20, plus the crew of two.

Despite the fact that the truck produces quite a low torque, the 200-litre tank capacity replaces the payload limitation by enabling the vehicle to reach a destination as far as 955km. Currently in service with the Republic of Korea Army and the Philippine Army, the KM250 truck is also available in several variants including the KM250 itself as a cargo truck, KM251 (cargo truck with extended wheelbase), KM255 (fuel tanker), KM256 (water tanker), KM258 (shop van) as well as the KM259 model (decontamination truck).

TATA LPTA 1623

As the biggest vehicle manufacturer in India, Tata Motors has been producing almost all kinds of vehicle, be it for commercial or military purposes. Having been mass-producing vehicles ranging from cars, busses and trucks, Tata has also fulfilled India’s military demands by supplying numerous kinds of land vehicles focusing on logistics support. Tata has produced various logistic trucks and one of the latest in their productions is the 4x4 LPTA 1623 model.

Like any other trucks, the LPTA 1623 was developed with the consideration of fulfilling the needs of the armed forces. Despite the fact that the truck was mainly applicable for military use, it is also capable of executing variety of operations including fire fighting, emergency as well as acting as recovery vehicles.

Weighing approximately 7.5 tonnes, at the heart of the truck is a CUMMINS ISBe 6.7 diesel engine, which is able to produce 230hp and up to 900Nm of torque. The capability of generating such high torque is important in enabling the truck to perform tasks in very difficult environments.

The truck is integrated with a 300-litre fuel tank thus the supply of enough fuel for a journey of more than 500km. Built with a reasonably large cargo area, the truck is able to carry payloads weighing 5 tonnes, with a top speed of 90km/h, thanks to the powerful engine and high capacity fuel tank retrofitted onto the truck.

Last year, Tata has announced the cooperation agreement on the development of their trucks with Deftech, a Malaysian firm in promoting its trucks for the Malaysian Armed Forces. In April last year, Tata Motors and Deftech have agreed to develop two of Tata’s trucks, the LPTA 1623 and the LPTA 715.

Renault Sherpa 10

Apart from the Sherpa 5 truck, Renault has also introduced its big brother, built to handle heavier loads, the Sherpa 10. Fitted with a protective cab against ballistic and mine threats, the truck is currently in service with the French Army, mainly assigned on ammunition supply roles as well as acting as a self-propelled howitzer platform.

Weighing slightly more than the Sherpa 5, at 7.8 tonnes, the truck is available in4x4 and 6x6 configuration with a payload of up to 12 tonnes. Other than the ammunition supply and howitzer platform role, the truck is also able to transport 18 fully equipped soldiers thanks to the large carrier bay. In addition to that, Renault has also equipped the truck with an MD-7 diesel engine, similar to the one equipped onto the Sherpa 5, but with a higher horsepower as well as torque.

The engine, producing340hp as well as 1306Nm of torque, is easily available and ready for all-terrain supply delivery missions. Fully loaded, cruising on a hard surface, the truck has a maximum speed of 90km/h. Fitted with a 310-litre fuel tank, the truck is able to execute long distance operations measuring to 1000km.

Mercedes Zetros

Introduced in 2008, the Zetros is a truck offered by the Mercedes Benz Military as an upscale version of the Unimog series. Offered in 4x4 and 6x6 configuration, the Zetros truck is made available for heavier military logistic operations with a performance comparable to the Unimog series.

Weighing 6.5 tonnes, the truck was designed with a large cargo area, which can accommodate supplies ranging from four to six tonnes. To power the truck, Mercedes has decided to equip the vehicle with an OM926 LA diesel engine capable of producing 326hp and generating up to 1300Nm of torque. Fitted with a 300-litre capacity fuel tank, the truck is capable of travelling more than 500km, with a top speed of 89km/h.

As a safety measure, the truck is built with an optional armoured cab, providing resistance against ballistic and mine threats. Since the truck is built with a balanced load distribution thanks to the cab behind engine design, a swift handling is made possible and this, in a bigger picture also allows the truck to go through armoury upgrades without compromising its off-road characteristics and capabilities.

Oshkosh FMTV Cargo

Available in 4x4 and 6x6 configuration, the Oshkosh FMTV, which stands for Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles is widely utilised within the US Army, performing multiple high-risk tactical as well as logistic missions. Despite the fact that a medium sized truck has very limited logistic capabilities, the ability to venture into rough terrains, combined with its payload capacity has made it the vehicle of choice by most armed forces.

The FMTV Cargo truck weighs approximately 10.3 tonnes. Powered by a Caterpillar C7 diesel engine, Oshkosh has also integrated the truck with a 212-litre capacity fuel tank. The engine, capable of producing 705Nm of torque and 425hp, is also able to support a fully loaded truck for a journey as far as 483km, fully utilising the fuel capacity provided onto the truck. In addition to that, the truck can also cruise at a maximum speed of 89km/h thanks to the efficient engine fitted onto the vehicle.

The FMTV family of trucks, other than the cargo version, is also available in multiple variants including the 5-tonne Tractor, 8.8-tonne Loading Handling System truck, 10-tonne Dump truck as well as the 5-tonne Wrecker. In 2011, the US Army heralded a procurement initiative with the order of 7000 units of the FMTV trucks making the total order of 26000 units.

Mowag Duro

With 4000 units currently in service today, the Duro truck by Mowag was developed to deliver the demands of armed forces worldwide. Provided with TORSEN self-locking differential, the truck provides operators with great mobility for on-road and off-road mission execution. The truck is able in 4x4 and 6x6 configuration, allowing decision-makers to opt for a suitable truck to suit their armed forces’ demand.

Weighing 4.8 tonnes, the Duro truck is equipped with a 242hp Cummins ISB 6.7 diesel powered engine, which is able to generate up to 925Nm of torque. Along with a 180-litre capacity fuel tank, the truck can deliver supplies to a destination as far as 650km with a top speed average of 100km/h. Thanks to the large cargo area provided, the truck, for hard surface operation is capable of transporting supplies weighing approximately 4.2 tonnes.

Apart from being a logistic truck, the Duro since its introduction has served in many operations, playing multiple roles including troop transporters, ambulance, mobile C3 stations, weapon tractors as well as acting as an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) vehicle.

Tatra T810

A Czech Republic company, Tatra has a very long history of the supply of military trucks for many armed forces. In order to fulfil the Czech Army demand of replacing their aging Praga truck fleet, Tatra has came up with the T810 model, with a conventional frame unlike many other Tatra’s truck which normally designed with non-ordinary physical outlook.

Designed in 6x6 configuration, the truck is at its heart powered by a Renault Dxi7 diesel engine, which produces 237hp and a maximum torque of 1000Nm. The engine, at its highest power capacity is able to generate enough power to enable the 8.5-tonne truck to cruise at a top speed of 106km/h. Furthermore, fitted with a 220-litre capacity fuel tank, the truck is capable of executing operations to a range as far as 800km with a payload of 4.5 tonnes.

In order to enhance military operations capabilities, Tatra has also equipped the T810 truck with a number of features including optional armoury against ballistic and mine threats as well as a modified roof for gun carriage system.

MAN TG Series

As a German corporation known for producing commercial vehicles including trucks and busses, MAN too involves in the demanding defence industry. Supplying numerous types of military vehicles, they are mostly acknowledged with the production of high quality and high reliability military trucks. Looking a few years back, they came up with the TG series trucks comprising of several models including the TGL, TGM as well as the TGS model.

The TGL series truck was designed to fulfil the demand of light-medium military trucks category. Available only in 4x2 configuration, MAN offers the truck in two variants, the 7.5-tonne for 8-tonne category and 10-tonne for the 12-tonne category. On the 7.5-tonne variant, the truck is equipped with a 150hp Common Rail engine, which is able to generate as much as 700Nm of torque and a top speed of greater than 100km/h. Fitted with a fuel tank with 150-litre capacity, the truck is able to deliver supplies within a range of more than 500km.

Meanwhile, the TGM series offers a wider option for armed forces alike, with the introduction of 13-tonne, 15-tonne, 18-tonne, 22-tonne and lastly the 26-tonne trucks. Available in 4x4, 6x2 and 6x4 configuration, the TGM series provides operators with a superior capability in the transportation of heavier cargo. The TGM series of trucks are equipped with engines with higher power, ranging from 250hp to 340hp, with bigger fuel tank as well as greater range as compared to the TGL series.